Why is Pakistan counted as underdeveloped?

For what reason is Pakistan considered immature? At this moment, Rs. 52,941 is the obligation which is on the shoulders of every single Pakistan, where complete outside and inner obligation Pakistan today responsible is Rupees Nine trillion. Where as in the mid-nineties, a similar figure was Rupees 30,000 which was to be borne by every Pakistani resident. The administration of PM Nawaz Shareef concocted an activity of Qarz Utaro Scheme which some way or another gave a soothing pad to the obligation overhauling heaps. At the present time there is an all out budgetary polarity in the nation. In these intensifying circumstances, it is again said that national treasury is confronting an extra weight of Rupees 14 billion because of 12 percent expansion in military benefits in 2007-2008â [3]â . On the opposite side of the coin, advanced look is giving a lot of negative and melancholy portrayal as the absolute outer obligation is probably going to take off by more than 43 percent throughout the following five years, to about $73 billion out of 2015-16 from about $50.76 billion early this yearâ [4]â . In spite of the fact that the inability and feebleness of various nations to utilize the gave outer flexibly as far as help or obligation, it is additionally ascribed to numerous other trademark factors, the lacking and scant absorptive skill is named as the dependable guideline pertinent in numerous UDCs as a confinement on the efficient and capable usage of outside assets. The typical obligation markers which are usually polished in Pakistan are: Obligation : GNP proportion Obligation : Debt Service Liability Obligation : Foreign Exchange Earnings Part II Writing REVIEW (Ashfaq, 2005) in his examination (Aid Effectiveness, Debt Capacity and Debt Management in the Economy of Pakistan) talks about that discrete perspectives are winning concerning the helpfulness of outer help to the UDCs. The same number of the specialists and market analyst state that guide and obligation is a lot of valuable in decreasing the money related full back and blockage to augmentation of many creating nations like Pakistan, regardless of the pith of taking help is fulfilled or not (for instance Cassen 1994, G. Papanek 1972, and so forth). The challengers pronounce that outside help either regarding help or obligation consistently caused lamentable effects on the development of the beneficiary nation. Various gives a moderate purpose of perspectives on a similar discussion. The affiliation connecting outer obligation and financial acceleration has been watched comprehensively as of late. These examinations have for the most part centered around the dangerous impact of a cou ntrys obligation overhang which implies the expansion of a reserve of risk so weighty as to threaten the countrys capacity to take care of its point of reference credit. The topic of the examination is to perceive how and how much the outside help has and obligation influenced the economy. It is to examine the outside help and assets as far as its dynamic and productive job in the economy and as a scaffold of development and development or the other way around. The fundamental thought is to check and gauge the adequacy of remote air and outer obligation in the nation and the scientist look to decide if further assets connected with outside help have in purpose of truth acquired an upheaval the economy or the circumstance is totally different of what it ought to be. The examination will likewise research the situation of obligation stumble on Pakistan, giving extraordinary significance given on Pakistans capability paying off debtors adjusting and its retirement; in the light of serious issues owing debtors the board works on making most exceedingly awful monetary state of the nation. ( Hayat et al, 2010) talk about in their examination (External obligation and Economic Growth: Empirical proof from Pakistan) of the well established reality to everybody that Pakistan loathes a decent notoriety for help and outside obligation. It has practically unmatchable observers of critical monetary help from about each piece of the globe. He further contends that Since Pakistans development of world guide; it is confronting pivotal issues in equalization of installments shortfall. To back this parity of installments deficiency and loses, Pakistan is intensely depending on outer obligation. World Bank arranged Pakistan as seriously obligated nation of South Asia in 2001.Even however, Pakistan shows a mushroom development in its economy within the sight of genuine monetary and furthest extent of political in-strength. Despite the fact that it additionally indicated fluctuation with the progression of time however the circumstance as of right now is more awful where the development pace of GDP is simply 2% which was 7% in 2007. The exceptional load of outside obligation expand by an enormous total of Rupees 1095.1 billion in FY09, enlisting a development of 36.1 percent against 28.9 percent in FY08. To the extent obligation is connected, International Monetary Fund (IMF) obligation further damager the condition. The ascent in the red supply of IMF by US$ 3.8 billion was the central point for ascend in all out obligation stock during FY09. As talked about before, confronting serious parity of installments issues the legislature had moved toward the IMF for a US$7.6 billion Stand-By Arrangement (SBA) credit which was affirmed by the IMF board in November 2008. The IMF has likewise acquiesced to administration of Pakistans extra solicitation for US$3.2 billion, which has expanded the all out help to $ 11.3 billion. The terrible and declining monetary conditions additionally makes issues in Pakistan remote trade saves. It was $ 14 Billion in June 2007 demonstrating a radical decrease of 75.71% by the mid of 2010 to simply $ 3.4 Billion. Preceding the occasions of September 11, 2001, Pakistans economy was trapped in a horrendous obligation trap. U.S. respective guide to Pakistan began in 1951. Pakistan, altogether, got an enormous measure of $2 billion dollars somewhere in the range of 1953 and 1961. On the opposite side, by the mid 1960s, guide came to $400 million every year. At the pinnacle level, we become more acquainted with that in the main period of that decade, just United Stated gave 50% of the absolute guide Pakistan was accepting; which secured 33% of the advancement spending plan and financed the greater part of the import bill. It was the time by 1982, US was givibg $ 5.1 Billion to Pakistan as help on yearly premise. (Ibrahim, 2009) in his exploration (U.S. help to Pakistan-U.S. Citizens have subsidized Pakistani defilement) talked about the circumstance deteriorating when approvals were forced by the G-8 nations on reciprocal and multilateral loaning as an outcome of Pakistans atomic tests in May 1998 and in this manner on account of the military upset in October 1999. Pakistan had the option to reschedule US $ 3.96 billion of its bi-horizontal liabilities through the Paris Club in 2000. The reschedule was, be that as it may, on momentary premise and subject to the IMF understanding, which was being finished at the time with all its rigid restriction. The post September 11, 2001, occasions by and by carried Pakistan into the spotlight of worldwide geo-key interests. The most critical advantage which Pakistan achieved vis-Ã -vis its outer obligation issue was the rebuilding concurrence with the Paris Club in December 2001. Under the understanding, the obligation reimbursement period was stretche d out to a range of 38 years with a beauty time of 15 years. This implies Pakistans obligation overhauling liabilities will decay by US $ 2.7 billion somewhere in the range of 2002 and 2004 and as indicated by the State Bank; the net present estimation of outside obligation is relied upon to decrease somewhere close to 27 and 43 percent somewhere in the range of 2002 and 2017. Every one of these issues looked by Pakistan are very disturbing and shows a need of finding a way to take the situation in a controllable mode, as further postpone will make Pakistan float herself into numerous other monetary just as social issues. (Ahmed, 2010) contended that Pakistan must won't pay remote obligation installment and spend a similar sum on alleviation and recovery of individuals influenced from ongoing flood and fear based oppression. He said that 20 Million populaces have affected from the irate flood which are a urgent piece of $ 54 Billion outside obligation yet to be taken care of with intrigue. Individuals in Pakistan are as of now confronting joblessness, craving and most noticeably awful difficulties and the scene of the flood making enormous issues for such countless populaces is again annihilating. In this manner, Pakistan is significantly unfit to support its obligation risk. Pakistan spends $ 3 Billion consistently on its obligation adjusting where Pakistans obligation to-GDP proportion has avoided the gigantic tallness of 61% this financial year. Government is at times discussing cutting improvement spending plan and decreases endowments on the call of IMF. The circumstance as indicated by him is ge tting all the more seriously where Government is looking at requiring flood charge on the destitute individuals of Pakistan. Notwithstanding of making such strides, Pakistans government should make genuine strides in the annihilation of such issues by cutting military and capital financial plans. (Haider Mullick, 2004) talks about the way that however Pakistan has been a bleeding edge partner to The United States for the war on psychological warfare to check the dangers on the US soil; yet got a total of $2.4 billion in outside aidâ [5]â . He further contends that after the psychological militant assaults on the WTC on September 11, 2001 huge numbers of the rich and created countries contemplated over the way that outside guide to UDCs has now gone to another wonder with a mix of new need and significance not at all like past occasions. Everything is because of the explanation of such UDCs falling under the control of radical radicals and fan which fund poor people and abuse their status of destitution. It is only because of the Pakistans inclusion to support the US and NATO powers to vanquish the Taliban system in Afghanistan and the US are dispensing enormous guide in an infusing way like 80s. In any case, the final product could turn out to be a lot of wild. There can be a budgetary stop in the nation if the US and NATO move out of the Afghan land in next 10 years. Our framework in Pakistan will be so reliant on the guide and awards that when it will be evacuated; there is a developing apprehension of over all framework breakdown. He weights on the quick ne

Explaining CAM And Its Followers

Clarifying CAM And Its Followers Essential DEFINITION OF CAM A cam is a mechanical part of a machine that is utilized to transmit movement to another segment, called the supporter, through a recommended movement program by direct contact. Prologue TO CAM AND FOLLOWERS A cam devotee, otherwise called a track follower,[1] is a specific sort of roller or needle bearing intended to follow cams. Cam adherents arrive in an immense range of various setups, anyway the most characterizing trademark is the means by which the cam devotee mounts to its mating part; stud style cam devotees utilize a stud while the burden style has an opening through the middle.[2] The principal cam devotee was designed and protected in 1937 by Thomas L. Robinson of the McGill Manufacturing Company.[3] It supplanted utilizing only a standard bearing and jolt. The new cam supporters were simpler to utilize in light of the fact that the stud was at that point included and they could likewise deal with higher loads.[ CAM AND MECHANISMS A cam instrument comprises of three components: the cam, the adherent (or devotee framework), and the casing. The devotee is in direct contact with the cam. The cam might be of different shapes. The adherent framework incorporates the entirety of the components to which movement is granted by the cam. This might be associated straightforwardly to the adherent, or associated through linkages and outfitting. The edge of the machine bolsters the bearing surfaces for the cam and for the devotee. A CAM changes the information movement, which is typically revolving movement (a turning movement), to a responding movement of the devotee. They are found in numerous machines and toys WHAT IS THE CONCEPT BEHIND CAM? A CAM is a pivoting machine component which gives responding or wavering movement to another component known as supporter. The cam and supporter has a point or line contact comprise a higher pair or you can say that it is the mechanicl part of a machine that is utilized to transmit the movement to the another segment of the machine called the devotee, through a recommended program by direct contact.The contact between them is kept up by an outer power which is by and large gave by the spring or here and there by the heaviness of the adherent itself ,when it is adequate. Cam is the driver part and the supporter is the determined part. The supporter is in direct contact with the cam. CAM MECHANISM CONSIST OF THREE MECHANISMS CAM:It might be of numerous shapes Adherent: It incorporates all the components to which movement is conferred by the cam.This might be associated straightforwardly by the cam.This might be associated legitimately to the supporter, or associated through linkages and equipping. Casing: The edge of the machine bolsters the bearing surfaces for the cam and for the devotee. Uses OF CAM AND FOLLOWERS Cam and adherent are generally utilized for working channel and fumes valve of I C motor. These are utilized in divider clock. These are utilized in feed system of programmed Machine. These are utilized in paper cutting machine. Utilized in weaving material hardware. The cam system is an adaptable one. It very well may be intended to create practically boundless kinds of motioning the supporter. It is utilized to change a revolving movement into an interpreting or swaying movement. On specific events, it is likewise used to change one making an interpretation of or swaying movement into an alternate deciphering or wavering movement. Cams are utilized in a wide assortment of programmed machines and instruments. The certain usuages of cam and supporters that incorporates material apparatuses, PCs, print machines, food handling machines, inside ignition motors, and incalculable other programmed machines, control frameworks and gadgets. The cam instrument is in fact a significant segment in current automation. Arrangement OF CAMS In light of the physical shape Circle or plate cams Working of the plate cam with responding supporter. Working of the plate cam with wavering supporter. Round and hollow cam Interpreting cam Grouping OF FOLLOWES (I) Based on surface in contact (a) Knife edge devotee (b) Roller devotee (c) Flat confronted devotee (d) Spherical devotee (ii) Based on kind of movement Swaying followe Interpreting adherent (iii) Based on line of activity Outspread (in line) adherent (b) Off-set devotee Cams can be helpfully ordered into two principle gatherings Gathering a: Cams that grant movement to the adherent in a plane in accordance with the pivot of revolution of the cam (as does a tube shaped cam). Gathering b: Cams that give movement to the devotee in a plane at 90 degrees to the pivot of turn, similarly as with face or edge cams.Most cams fall into this class. Sorts OF CAMS Unusual cam: A roundabout cam is regularly called an unpredictable cam in light of the fact that the hub of revolution of the cam is counterbalanced from the geometric focus of the round circle. Concentric plate: A concentric plate joined to a turning shaft would have its pivot of revolution agreeing with its geometric focus. PROFILE SHAPES OF SOME CAMS: PEAR-SHAPED CAMS: These sort cams are regularly utilized for controlling valves. For instance, they are utilized on engine vehicle camshafts to work the motor valves. A adherent constrained by a pear-formed cam stays still for about a large portion of a transformation of the cam. During the time that the devotee is fixed, the cam is in an abide period. During the other half unrest of the cam, the adherent ascents and afterward falls. As the pearshaped cam is even, the ascent movement is equivalent to the fall movement. Edge cams It must be valued that this kind of cam, where the devotee is in contact with the edge of the cam plate, is just fit for bestowing positive movement to its adherent one way, that is, during the ascent bit of the cam development. Throughout the fall bit of the cam development the adherent must be kept in touch with the cam either by the mass of the supporter and its instrument or, all the more as a rule, by a spring. The two strategies have their focal points. Box cams A notch can be processed even with cam circles. As the cam pivots, an adherent situated ready has its movement guided by the furrow. This kind of cam is known as a crate cam. Round and hollow cams: Round and hollow cams are utilized when movement must be transmitted corresponding to the pivot of revolution of the cam. The round and hollow or barrel cam comprises of a turning chamber with a helical (screw molded) groove in its curvedsurface. A devotee with a tightened roller end is situated ready. As the chamber turns, the supporter moves in an orderly fashion corresponding to the hub of the revolution barrel cam. This sort of cam is regularly used to manage string on sewing machines, weaving machines texture making machines. Roundabout CAMS: These cams are at times called unconventional cams. The cam profile is a circle. The focal point of pivot of the cam is frequently from the geometric focus of the circle. The roundabout cam delivers a smooth type of movement called a basic symphonious movement. These cams are regularly used to deliver movement in siphons. Roundabout cams are frequently used to work steam motor valves. As the cam is even, the ascent and fall movements are the equivalent. HEART SHAPED CAMS: This cam makes the devotee move with a uniform speed. Heart-molded cams are fundamental when the adherent movement should be uniform or consistent as, in the component that breezes string equitably on the bobbin of a sewing machine. A heart-molded cam can be utilized for winding wire equally on the previous of a solenoid. UNIFORM ACCELERATION AND RETARDATION CAMS: A cam formed as demonstrated controls the movement of the devotee so it moves with uniform quickening and hindrance. The devotee gains and looses speed at a consistent rate. Uniform speeding up and impediment cams are utilized to controls the movement of linkages in complex apparatus. Kinds of Cam Followers There are three sorts of cam adherents, and since the kind of devotee impacts the profile of the cam it is beneficial thinking about the favorable circumstances and weaknesses of each sort. The three sorts are the blade edge, the roller adherent and the flatfoot or mushroom supporter. The Knife Edge Follower: This is the least complex sort, isn't frequently utilized because of the fast pace of wear. At the point when it is embraced, it is for the most part for responding movement, running in slides and there is extensive side pushed, this being a segment of the push from the cam. The Roller Follower: This wipes out the issue of fast wear since the sliding impact is to a great extent supplanted by a roller activity. Some sliding will in any case occur because of the shifting fringe speed of the cam profile, because of the changing span of the purpose of contact. Note additionally that the spiral situation of the contact between the cam and the roller, comparative with the devotee place, will change as per whether a rise or fall movement is occurred: this reality must be viewed as while building the cam profile. Again,with the roller devotee, impressive side pushes are available, a detriment when managing responding movements. This side push will be expanded when utilizing little rollers. The Flat Foot or Mushroom Follower: This has the bit of leeway that the main side push present is that because of the rubbing between the adherent and the cam. The issue of wear isn't so extraordinary likewise with the blade edge adherent, since the purpose of contact between the cam and devotee will move over the substance of the supporter as per the difference in state of the cam. A stunt to decrease further the impact of wear is to structure the adherent to be equipped for hub pivot and orchestrate the hub of the supporter to deceive one side of the cam. Along these lines the contact with the cam will in general reason pivot of the devotee. The cam profile, to work with a flatfoot supporter, must be curved at all parts, so as to forestall the sides of the devotee delving into the cam profile. The base cam sweep ought to be as little as conceivable to limit sliding speed and grating. Every one of the three kinds of cam adherents can be mounted in the accompanying manners: 1) In-accordance with the cam

Which Elements Should Be Included in Every Killer Blog Post

Which Elements Should Be Included in Every Killer Blog Post Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Which Elements Should Be Included in Every Killer Blog PostUpdated On 18/11/2017Author : Pradeep KumarTopic : BloggingShort URL : https://hbb.me/2j4ZIYr CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogBuilding a highly-reputable blog for your website or business requires ample time and dedication. As search engines and consumers alike become more demanding, the bar continues to be raised for content quality and frequency. Many brands find themselves exhausted from pursuing strategies necessary to attract new visitors and customers.Ultimately, every blog post should strive to tick off a few elements on any brands priority list. Regardless of niche or target audience, the following elements are must-have factors that should be incorporated into every blog post your brand creates.A Call to ActionEvery piece of content you produce for your blog should have at least one specific call to a ction within it. Calls to action are exactly what they sound like: specific actions you want the reader to engage in upon reading the content. With this approach, you could opt to persuade somebody to purchase a new e-book, subscribe to your mailing list, share the post, sign a petition, or any number of other valid and relevant actions. By convincing readers to engage with your brand on a deeper level, youll be able to build a stronger community, increase profits and/or increase your brands reach.A Great HeadlineAny killer blog post needs a tantalising element in order to lure people into reading it in the first place. In most cases, this means a great headline. Blog posts that utilise their headlines to inform readers what the post is about â€" while leaving a bit to the imagination â€" can easily generate more clicks for their content than the average blog post.Its important not to be misleading with your headline, but leaving some room for interpretation is a common tactic in he adline creation. To find out more about creating great headlines, click here.READ15+ Reasons Why I Want To Marry A Female Blogger!MultimediaIn order to truly create a killer blog post, you need to include more than just text. Supplementing any blog post with various forms of multimedia â€" images, personal photos, podcasts, embedded social media posts, and so forth â€" can really help drive home the point(s) youre trying to make.Many people are visual learners. By including more multimedia in your blog posts, youll be better positioned to keep their attention spans and turn them into loyal readers and followers. Additionally, search engines such as Google love multimedia-rich blogs, which means youll be more likely to improve SEO outcomes by doing this.InteractionLast but not least, great blog posts tend to be those that encourage engagement and interaction with the broader community. Without an interactive element, a blog post is less likely to be seen and shared.This is why allowi ng comments on each blog post is vital. Additionally, make sure that youve fully integrated social media channels into your website, so that people can easily comment and share via their social media profiles. As more people share and comment â€" particularly through social media â€" more of their friends are likely to see the post and engage as well.Building the best blog posts takes plenty of effort. While not every blog post you make will be wildly successful, you can increase the chances by incorporating a few elements. Pick a great headline, make the post interactive, include plenty of multimedia and always utilise calls to action. If you follow these guidelines, you can drastically improve the performance of most blog posts on your website.

Parts emporium case study, solutions and answers - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1316 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Case Parts Emporium Methodology Briefing 3 Inventory Analysis 5 This Report has been prepared in response to the warehouse inventory situation as appraised to me by Joe Donnell. In assessing the situation, I have found that the installation of a computer model for ordering projection will alleviate out of stock as well as overstock situations. Additionally, the preceding will need to be augmented by physical hand counts on a periodic basis to ensure that the physical inventory matches the computer ordering system counts. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Parts emporium case study, solutions and answers" essay for you Create order In addressing the present situation, I took a count of parts EG151 and DB032 as a sample in order to assess an actual inventory. That analysis as well as the subsequent recommendations are based upon the preceding, which will also work for the remaining warehoused parts after a physical count is established to enable me to pattern a computer modeling system for each item. The foregoing physical count, and periodic count follow up is a necessary part of the system in order to ensure that the numbers match, and to address count differences to keep the inventories in line with ordering procedures. In conducting my analysis, it was determined that the depletion rates for the two parts followed a consistent pattern, thus far. That analysis was based upon the sales rate; therefore, in order to maintain an accurate ordering program, daily sales information on all parts will need to be forwarded to me for monitoring so that if depletion rates change, I can adjust the ordering program vari ables. The following represents the results of the inventory analysis, and subsequent recommendations. Methodology Briefing In analyzing the problem, I referred to methodologies and techniques from the following sources Dalleck and Fetter (1961) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Decision Models for Inventory Managementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Brauner et al (2001) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Velocity Management: The Business Paradigm That Has Transformed U.S. Army Logisticsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Epps (1995) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Just-in-Tine Inventory Management: Implementation of a Successful Programà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , and Debnam et al (1992) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Inventory Analysis for Generation, Transmission and Distribution Cooperatives of the Rural Electric Systemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The preceding has been included here to aid you in your analysis of the findings, and recommendations made herein. The situation here at Case Part Emporium entails a mixture of solutions, thus my referral to the preceding material. Dallack and Fett er (1961, p. 8) provided the basis for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ inventory planning and control when stockkeeping involves: (1) planning and control on an item-by-item basis, (2) variable demand and/ or variable lead time, (3) either continuous review or review at fixed intervals and (4) unfulfilled demand either back ordered or lost. The decision variables of interest are the reorder point and the order quantity for each item in the set of stockkeeping unitsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Please note, since I have not equated all of the parts, there might be some subject to variable demand, and lead times, thus my inclusion of this methodology. Brauner et al (2001. p. 17) was utilized as supply entails à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ getting the right thing to the right place at the right time à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and the applicability of U.S. Army delivery systems is predicated upon ensuring delivery in unpredictable situations. This reference source aided in defining the process for the par ts utilised in this analysis as well as having a flexible program parameter to handle the potentially differing variables that most surely will crop up in other situations. Brauner et al (2001, p. 18) refer to the Velocity Management process as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦improvement methodology, aims at producing a clear picture of the order fulfilment process that is common to all participants and stakeholdersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The foregoing will be illustrated through the Excel Spreadsheet attachment that shows the methodology utilized. Epps (1995) provided the foundation for minimized inventory under the concept of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Just-in-Time Inventory Managementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  which was pioneered by the Toyota Motors Company. The process is based upon a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦philosophy that seeks to do the process right the first time and to eliminate any non-value added activitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . And finally, Debnam et alà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s article (1992) was sel ected, even though the field of application, electricity, does not seemingly have applicability here, but it referred to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Each cooperative participant may be subject to unique conditions, yet is faced with the same fundamental problemthe means by which to evaluate inventory decisions and the cost-effectiveness of decisions made in regard to acquisition and retention of suppliesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . In the instance of our company, the word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“cooperativeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  was replaced with unit parts, thus the applicability to our situation. Inventory Analysis In analyzing the inventory for items EG151 and DB032, I broke down the process into a synthesis chart that enabled me to construct the computer Excel model that is attached. Said chart represented the following key variables: Chart 1 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Case Parts Emporium Inventory Synthesis Variable EG151 DB032 Customer Price $12.99 $8.89 Gross Margin 32% 48% Order Price $4.13 $4.27 Order Charge $20 $10 Flat Fee Delivery $21.40 $21.40 Delivery Time Frame 2 weeks 3 weeks Lot Size 150 1,000 Estimated Depletion Rate 17 per day 54 per week The preceding were broken down into an Excel Model that utilized à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Hypotheticalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ as well as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Actualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ inventory situations to provide a picture of the methodology, and to construct the Ordering point scenarios. As shown on the attached Excel Spreadsheets the ordering time frame delay for the EG151 was calculated as six days, with the depletion rate of ordered lots of 150 units taking 9 days. This meant that under the present rate of depletion, orders for replenishment had to be placed far enough in advance to ensure new parts delivery before an out of stock situation. In running the model, I utilized the depletion rate to calculate the order points, which are indicated by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Filledà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ followed by a number that signifies the day (in the case of part DB032 a weekly time frame was utilized as a result of the larger lot size). As shown on the Excel model, the in stock depletion runs down to an estima ted 32 units on hand before the new inventory arrives, thus maintaining sufficient supplies. Chart 2- Excel Model Examples In the instance of part DB032, the larger lot size necessitated utilizing a weekly format. In the instance of inventory depletion, the on hand count dropped to an average of 80 units before the replenishment supply arrives. The other program parameters are thus the same and can be utilised in your review. Conclusion and Recommendations In analyzing the parts utilized in this examination I took into account the variable concerning the flat fee delivery charge of $21.40, and suggest that we should not include this in a new pricing scheme as such penalizes those customers who pick up their orders and will thus notice the price increase. Adding in the flat fee delivery charges across the board thus was not computed in any of the variables for that reason. I did not utilize the in-house ordering administrative charges in the models, as that is an accounting function that has already been included in the pricing. In addition, I examined the lot sizes and would al so like to suggest if we might convince the Bendox Corporation to provide us with a lot size of 500 units, as this reduced ordering unit would be more consistent with our utilisation rate. In any event, I prepared Excel Spreadsheet models for both variables in a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Hypotheticalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ as well as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Actualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ usage mode. As out of stock does not represent a desirable business situation for us, I would appreciate your comments on the prepared material. If positive, I will immediately proceed to conduct an analysis of all parts, and the variables associated with them in order to construct similar computer models for analysis, and recommendation. Brauner, M., Dumond, J., Eden, R., Folkson, J., Girardini, K., Keyser, D., Peltz, E., Pint, E., Wang, M. (2001) Velocity Management: The Business Paradigm That Has Transformed U.S. Army Logistics. Rand, Santa Monica, CA, United States Dalleck, W., Fetter, R. (1961) Decision Models for I nventory Management. Richard D. Irwin, Inc., Homewood, IL, United States Debnam, D., Hall, B., Lovas, T., Miller, T. (1992) Inventory Analysis for Generation, Transmission and Distribution Cooperatives of the Rural Electric System. Vol. 33. Management Quarterly Epps, R. (1995) Just-in-Tine Inventory Management: Implementation of a Successful Program. Vol. 17. Review of Business

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DermaCare - 10958 Words

For the exclusive use of R. van Munster, 2015. 9-808-064 REV: OCTOBER 21, 2010 PRICHARD G. HAMERMESH LAUREN BARLEY DeermaCa are: Zap pping Zits Z Dirrectly It was w a rainy Saturday S morrning in late November N 20005, and Peteer Scocimara pulled p on hiss Croc shoes to take his rambunctiou us golden rettriever Jasperr for a walk. Walking thee dog would d give Scocim mara some much-needed m time to clearr his head an nd prepare fo or a Monday y-morning meeeting with the cofounders of his co ompany, DerrmaCare, Incc. Headquarteered in Liveermore, California, Derm maCare was a start-up ven nture that plaanned to marrket its Therm maClear acnee-treatment device d directtly to consum mers using direect response television t (DR RTV).†¦show more content†¦There were many forms of acne, ranging from blackheads, whiteheads, and pimples to severe forms such as cystic or modular acne. Da Silva, whose scientific background was with lasers, had seen dermatologists use laser technologies in the treatment of mild to moderate inflammatory acne, most commonly referred to as â€Å"pimples,† â€Å"breakouts,† â€Å"blemishes,† or â€Å"zits.† Choi summarized the science behind the laser treatments: Lasers treat acne in two possible ways. At certain wavelengths—or colors—lasers go into the skin tissue and generate oxygen radicals, which kill the bacteria and reduce inflammation. At other wavelengths, lasers are basically heat sources that reduce sebum [an oily substance produced by certain skin glands] production by killing and reducing the number of sebaceous glands. This decreases the likelihood that excess sebum clogs pores, which can lead to acne. 2 This document is authorized for use only by Rachel van Munster in Entrepreneurial Law and Finance taught by Rafael P. Ribas, at HE OTHER from February 2015 to March 2015. For the exclusive use of R. van Munster, 2015. DermaCare: Zapping Zits Directly 808-064 However, a laser was an expensive solution for treating acne. Da Silva and Choi believed they could replace a laser, which cost between $20,000 and $50,000, with a $5 to $10 heater using a thinfilm resistor (a thin piece of metal that converts electrical current intoShow MoreRelatedVenture Capital and Low Cost Production Essay638 Words   |  3 PagesDermaCare has the potential of a successful business. They have taken several steps in the right direction so far by obtaining patents that protect their intellectual property both for sale through DRTV and the retail market and sourcing for low cost production costs. In addition, there are no obvious loopholes in their business model. They have a proven product that provides a solution to a large market of dissatisfied customers. Also, they are maintaining 400% margins by selling through infomercialsRead MoreVenture Capital and Tech Coast Angels9915 Words   |  40 Pagesschool class mer s smate Charle Moldow w a es was partner. The VC’s term sheet offered the com mpany $4.0 m million in fun nding, assumi a $7.65 m ing million postfi inancing valu uation. Moldo structured the proposed deal so that DermaCare w ow d d t would receiv $1.0 ve millio up front an the remain on nd nder after the Food and D e Drug Adminis stration (FDA gave Derma A) aCare cleara ance to marke its acne dev et vice. Scocimara was in a quandary. The angel andRead MoreRR Case8502 Words   |  35 PagesOwner/Employees VC Owner/Employees 5.00 7.50 10.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 60.00 100.00 200.00 240.00 500.00 P a g e | 27 PunchTab 1. What is your evaluation of PunchTab’s business? Is it an attractive investment opportunity? Do you think DermaCare will be successful? Why or why not? 2. Do you think it makes sense to do a seed round of financing? Why or Why Not? 3. What are the relevant differences between angels and venture capital investors that Ranjith Kumaran should consider when raising

5G Network The Next Phenomenon

Question: Describe about the 5G Network, the Next Phenomenon? Answer: Executive Summary The paper focuses on the opportunities and research challenges on 5G spectrums on mobile data and broadband networks. Various challenges are highlighted on the acceptability and other factors based on Singapore population. The research work makes a quantitative analysis on total 50 independent citizens of Singapore, with the objective to find out what the general population with age group between 15-60, both male and female with various occupations have a say on 5G spectrums. Based on the research outcomes the recommendations and findings suggest that the scope and expected year of 5G spectrum in Singapore is favorable in the market. Singapore being a Tech-savvy country makes it easier for further scope in 5G. Introduction 5G is a concept in this era. Networks are more oriented towards increasing the data speeds and coverage but without any standard limitations (Jain, 2013). The 4g spectrum is presently the current phenomenon of highest bandwidth. So long the substantial level of growth in capabilities and performance is offered by 4G, the International Telecommunication Union helps to access over 4G band widths. 5G is just the upgraded version of 4G with facilities that over-advances 4G users. Product Details: With the help of 5G network speed people can browse the network with a very high speed. It leads browsing, uploading, downloading functions to a much faster transferring. This is a big benefit for technologically advanced gadget users (Tehrani, Uysal Yanikomeroglu, 2014). The users get the advantage of uninterrupted connectivity especially for conferences, internet calling and video chats. The young generation has the benefit to watch and download videos, music and movies and a quick access on sharing every sort of information online. Compared to wifi connectivity, the 5G doesnt depend on hotspot (until and unless it is a wifi country like Singapore. These are few of the advantages of 4G; imagine 5G promises something more than that. Some of the features of 5G are discussed below: For tens and thousands of users, the data rates of around several 10 mb/s can be supported by approximately ten thousand users. Ten workers of an office will be able to have 1 GB of access simultaneously. A significant enhancement in case of spectral efficiency. Research objective: Whether people are sufficiently aware of 5G spectrum Whether the introduction of 5G will bring a change in standard of life Whether 5G would affect the political, environmental, economic and social aspects of Singapore. Whether the proposed cost of 5G becomes a big criterion of low/ high acceptability. Whether the consumers are ready to accept 5G over 4G. Whether Singapore market is ready for accepting 5G spectrum and the market accessibility of 5G. Research Methodology The research methodology is the process of focusing on the problem task of the research being undertaken and finding a solution to the problem. The company is deciding to launch a new product in Singapore. The key problem in hand is that weather the service will be successful or not. The acceptance of the product is under our study. Research design The information is collected about the acceptability of the 5G network in Singapore. The success of the network after its launch is made in the market. The information collected for this purpose is by interviewing the people on the basis of the questionnaire and by face to face interactions. Fishbone diagram The fishbone diagram is also called the Ishikawa Diagram or the cause and effect diagram. With the help of this diagram, the causes of a problem are identified. With the help of this diagram the ideas can be sorted into categories. Moreover it is used when the thinking of the team is likely to fall. The diagram is in general deals with methods, people, measurement, machines, materials and environment. The method is involved with how the task is performed (Wealleans, 2001). The person is one who is occupied with the process. Measurement is the evaluation of the quality of the data being generated from the process. Any equipment used in the process are categorized under the machines. Environment is the conditions, including time in which the research is performed. Figure 1: the fish bone diagram. Questionnaire design The questionnaire designed is the next layer of the research methodology. For this purpose, both qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis is done. The quantitative analysis is done by using close ended questionnaire and the qualitative analysis is done by using the open ended questionnaire. The scale used in this research is nominal and likert. Sampling plan Sampling is the third layer in the research methodology. In this research we used a simple random sampling procedure. This method was used so as to include a large population which will minimize the error in the sampling process. Moreover convenient sampling is done since the target sample is large. The analysis is done on 50 samples of which 100% of them have replied and participated. The participants were both men and women who were students, working professionals, and retired personnel. Methods of data collection and analysis The data were mainly primary data which was collected by personal interview method. Questionnaires were supplied to the sample population and self administered study was carried out for collecting the data. Limitations While conducting the research there were certain limitations that were encountered. The first limitation of the study was that sufficient time was not there to gather an in detailed information. Moreover the whole research was based on primary data. A study on secondary data would have been more helpful for the project. Lastly the responses made by the sample population were not always loyal to the study. Findings and analysis: Question 1: 5G spectrums will be costlier. Likert scale range Number of respondents Frequency percentage (1) 2 4 (2) 7 14 (3) 15 30 (4) 20 40 (5) 6 12 Table 1 Figure2: the cost effectiveness of 5G From the first question we try to find what people think about the cost of 5G. 26 people either agree or disagree that the cost will be high whereas 9 people think that it will not be high. And others are not sure about the price. Thus it can be seen that if cost is too high then people might have problem accepting it. But other features need to be good for people to accept it. Table 2 Question 2: It will have more coverage area. Likert scale range Number of respondents Frequency percentage (1) 4 8 (2) 8 16 (3) 12 32 (4) 16 24 (5) 10 20 Figure 3: the coverage area response. In the above question was whether the 5G network will have a more coverage area. From the responses of the people we can see that about 8 percent and 16 percent of the respondents either strongly disagreed or disagreed that the 5G will have a more coverage area. But a greater percentage of people or the respondents think that it will have a wider coverage area than 4G. From the above analysis it can be concluded that if 5G is launched, then it will have a positive effect on the people, and will lead to the overall success of the people. Table 3 Question 3: 5G will be faster than 4G Likert scale range Number of respondents Frequency percentage (1) 4 8 (2) 10 20 (3) 8 16 (4) 20 40 (5) 8 16 Figure 4: the comparison between 5G and 4G The next area of study is whether 5G will be faster than 4G. Currently 4G offers a speed of about 30-40 mbps download speed. It is expected that 5G will have more speed than that. But according to the study conducted it is seen that, out of 50 respondents it 14 have suggested that it will not be faster than the current 4G spectrum. But a large number of the respondent about 28 out of 50 feel that 5G will be faster than the 4G spectrum and will resolve the problems of the 4G in terms of speed. From the above it can be concluded that if 5G is introduced it will be a success since people will indulge in it if it is faster. Question4: 5G will improve the communication process. Likert scale range Number of respondents Frequency percentage (1) 8 16 (2) 6 12 (3) 16 32 (4) 14 28 (5) 6 12 Table 4 Figure 5: 5G communication process acceptability rate. The next question that was examined was whether 5G will improve the communication process and be convenient for the people. From the above study that was conducted, it is seen that out of 50 respondents, 16 have said that they are not sure whether the communication process will improve. It is also seen that 20 person either agree or strongly agree that 5G will improve the communication process. Whereas 8 people strongly disagree that it will improve the communication process. From this we can say that most people strongly believe that it will improve the communication process and convenience and which in turn will lead to its success. Table 5 Question5: You would shift to 5G over 4G Likert scale range Number of respondents Frequency percentage (1) 5 10 (2) 8 16 (3) 10 20 (4) 14 28 (5) 13 26 Figure 6: peoples response in adopting 5G The last object of studying is whether the customer will be satisfied with the 5G spectrum and whether they will shift from 4G to 5G. It is seen from the above study that more than half of the respondent that is 27 of them either agree or strongly agree that they will shift to 5G when it is introduced in the market. 10 respondents are not sure but will think about when it is launched. The rest thinks that it will be not much effective than 4G thus they will not shift. From this it can be concluded that the people will be satisfied with the new technology of 5G. Thus it can be said that the overall success rate of the 5G network depends on cost, speed, coverage, convenience and customer satisfaction. Here the dependent variable is the success rate of 5G network and the independent variables are the parameters mentioned above. We have measured whether the 5G network when launched in the market will be a success or a failure. We will analyze the findings according to the questionnaire set. The samples of 50 respondents were chosen randomly for the study using convenient sampling. The sample included male and female between the age group 15 and 60. It was seen that respondents think that it will be costlier. The other features makes it attractive like the speed, coverage, communication system thus, the people will be satisfied with it and in turn lead to the overall success of the network. Recommendations and Conclusions For Public-private partnership one of the main purposes is to use achieved results for Global Standardization to ensure the worldwide interoperable systems. The projects of PPP develop solutions with publicly obtainable interface conditions. It is very much important for 5G networks to find out what are the improvements that are required in context with the 4ps of marketing (Rhee, n.d.). This research work now focuses on the suggestions and proposal of 5G network. Product: products such as Massive Machine, Communications and Moving networks, Device to Device, Ultra Reliable, Massive MIMO and Ultra Dense Networks are expected to support the increase in the volume of mobile Data. Hence gadgets like PC, mobile, Tabs, laptops, printers will have the key to access 5G. But existing mobile and Smartphones are yet to be equipped to have the advantage of using 5G. Price: The chances of acceptability of 5G will be affected by the cost effectiveness of 5G.Hence 5G will have to compete with 4G as it is already a popular and people-friendly phenomenon. Place: In South Korea the Government has spend $1.5 Billion that will so make 5G networks rolling out around 2017 (the Guardian, 2014). In United States the 5G spectrum is most likely to be introduced around 2018 for trial basis. In Singapore it is expected around 2020. Promotion: 5G will require a huge amount of promotion. Singapore is a very techno Gadget oriented country having wifi connection throughout. It is the third ranking country in using e-Government keenness index (Parker, 2014), thus introduction of 5G will be necessary to promote amongst individuals otherwise the country is already among the top list to adopt 5G Spectrum. Further research opportunities: As the Smartphone device, the tabs and other similar devices are growing; there is an assumption that the data traffic is going to increase with 1000 fold by 2020. Even the capacity of existing mobile broadband will see an overload because of limited spectrum availability. The current spectrums of technology becomes fragmented with the increase is use of advanced technology. So far for the use of broadband systems in mobile, the spectrum of mm-wave has not been leveraged effectively (Law, Podolskiy Wasserman, 2013). The potential deployment scenarios of mm-wave technology have been assumed to be limited in line of sight atmosphere of low mobility to reduce the series of point-to-point communication. Rather than optimizing the efficiency of link in 4G, the 5G network has transferred towards efficiency of overall network. In heterogeneous networks and multinational transceivers the spectrum is identified as one of the key components to increase the efficiency of networks. The world is already undergoing through the advancements of various technological sea-change. Definitely 5G is set to fulfill the requirement of corporations and consumers with a sustainability based on 4Gs infrastructure. References Jain, T. (2013). Technology Advancement In Wireless Communication.INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 2. Law, S., Podolskiy, V., Wasserman, D. (2013). Towards nano-scale photonics with micro-scale photons: the opportunities and challenges of mid-infrared plasmonics.Nanophotonics,2(2). doi:10.1515/nanoph-2012-0027 Parker, T. (2014). China, South Korea commit to 5G leadership, while Japan and U.S. rely on private efforts.Fierce Wireless Tech. Rhee, M.Wireless mobile internet security. Tehrani, M., Uysal, M., Yanikomeroglu, H. (2014). Device-to-device communication in 5G cellular networks: challenges, solutions, and future directions.IEEE Communications Magazine,52(5), 86-92. doi:10.1109/mcom.2014.6815897 the Guardian,. (2014).The 5G network: when will it launch and what will it mean for consumers?. Retrieved 15 February 2015, from https://www.theguardian.com/media-network/media-network-blog/2014/aug/26/5g-network-launch-mobile-consumers-connectivity-download Wealleans, D. (2001).The organizational measurement manual. Aldershot, Hampshire, England: Gower. Appendix Questionnaire Name:______________________________ Age: ______________________________ Occupation:______________________________ Sex: ______________________________ Questions Strongly Disagree (1) Disagree (2) Neither Agree Nor Disagree (3) Agree (4) Strongly Agree (5) 1. 5G spectrum will be costlier. 2. It will have more coverage area. 3. 5G will be faster than 4G and will resolve the drawbacks of 4G 4. 5G will improve the communication process. 5. You would shift to 5G over 4G and prefer to have 5G at my work place 6. The overall success rate of 5G will be high

Administrative Progressivism in Relation to Online Learning

Abstract Administrative progressivism as the educational philosophy may be applied in online studying. This conclusion is drawn out of a number of factors which point at the similar goals and desire to reach success in teaching students. However, due to differences in the points of view to control of students’ knowledge, the combination of the learning style and educational philosophy under consideration may lead to worse learning outcomes for students.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Administrative Progressivism in Relation to Online Learning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction Education is essential in human life as people have understood its value. There are a lot of different approaches to education and view of its development. Some philosophies of education are new, others are older but their use in the modern system of education points that their nature is to create a deserving member of th e society who has managed to get good knowledge, is informed, democratic, equitable, and humane. Along with different approaches to the education, there are a lot of particular forms of learning which may be chosen depending on students needs. The main idea of the discussion is to consider online learning from the perspective of administrative progressivism with identifying the advantages and disadvantages of using the mentioned approach along with the chosen method of study. Online Learning Online learning is a particular way of learning when students do not have to leave their places if they want to get knowledge. Online learning allows students use the information from all over the world. Having got the access to a number of international databases, students will have to read books and study scientific works which may be available only in other countries. When students refer to online learning as the way of getting knowledge, they feel importance in communication and sharing thei r perceptions with each other. It has been proven that the success of student learning depends on the structure of the course along with the type of the assessment (Armstrong, 2011). Students pay much attention to online assessment as they believe that the lack of necessity to sit in class under the direct supervision of a teacher makes them feel better. Additionally, those students who apply to online learning have an opportunity to continue their everyday activities and being students at one and the same time. Considering the main priority of online learning the possibility to access classes from any spot of the world is to be mentioned. One should not refuse from anything, it is just important to have a handicap. Students can structure their study time according to their desire, however they are not to forget that being 24/7 class availability does not mean the same level of availability of teachers and other students. Additionally, to take part in this type of learning, students are to be aware of the technological innovations and other specific programs necessary for coming through this class (Nagel, Maniam, Leavell, 2011).Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Administrative Progressivism Progressivism is the particular educational philosophy which main idea is covered in the following. Progressivism is the education where instructions and curriculum are based on the students’ needs, interests and the level of knowledge. Students are directed at learning stills which are going to be necessary for them while learning the subjects instead of directing students at studying the subject. Students are actively engaged that promotes discovery and creativity while studying. Social relevant themes are raised while studying to make sure that this particular philosophy of education promotes â€Å"values of community, cooperation, tolerance, justice and democratic equality† (Labaree, 2005, p. 277). The main advantages of the administrative progressivism are that this philosophy of education supported the strict structure and managing of education along with focus on management of the level of knowledge students get (Labaree, 2005). Arguments for or against Using Administrative Progressivism in Relation to Online Learning Having considered the advantages and disadvantages of the online learning and the peculiarities of the administrative progressive educational philosophy, it may be concluded that administrative progressivism ideally fits the online learning. Supporting the structured learning and strict managing of students’ success, online learning presupposes constant and regular assessment as there is no another possibility to check what students’ have achieved. Documentation of the results is important as only on the basis of these results students have an opportunity to assess personally the level of knowledge and to increase them if possible. Additionally, administrative progressivism is aimed at creativity is studying and improving skills which may help consider the subject. This is exactly what online studying does as teachers are unable to teach students the subject, they can only to help students acquire the skills students are to possess to learn subjects themselves. The creativity is important while online studying ads there is no similar source of information and each time students find out something new they are to think about the use of information themselves, there are no teachers who are going to assist them. However, administrative progressivism presupposes direct supervision of teachers over students which is impossible due to the fact that online learning is more individual type of studying. Conclusion In conclusion, it should be stated that online learning as the way of teaching may be used with the administrative progressivism due to the similarities in approaches to education. The similarities in the consideration of the style of teaching, use of creativity and direction as teaching skills how to learn the subject rather than teaching the subject are the main advantages. However, administrative progressivism supports strong supervision over students which is impossible to do online except for increasing the number of tests and other assessments. However, this may lead to too much stress connected with constant assessment and which is considered as inappropriate.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Administrative Progressivism in Relation to Online Learning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reference List Armstrong, D. A. (2011). Students’ perceptions of online learning and instructional tools: A qualitative study of undergraduate students use of online tools. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology – TOJET, 10(3), 222-226. Labaree, D. F. (2005). Progressivism, school s and schools of education: An American Romance. Paedagogica Historica, 41(12), 275–288. Nagel, S., Maniam, B., Leavell, H. (2011). Pros and cons of online education for educators and students. International Journal of Business Research, 11(6), 136-142. This essay on Administrative Progressivism in Relation to Online Learning was written and submitted by user Lana Hernandez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

One Vote Can Make a Difference - What Are the Odds

One Vote Can Make a Difference - What Are the Odds The odds that one vote can make a difference in an election are almost nil, worse than the odds of winning Powerball. But that doesnt mean its impossible that one vote can make a difference. Its actually happened. There have been cases in which one vote decided the election. Odds That One Vote Can Make a Difference Economists Casey B. Mulligan and Charles G. Hunter found in a 2001 study that only one of every 100,000 votes cast in federal elections, and one of every 15,000 votes cast in state legislative elections, â€Å"mattered in the sense that they were cast for a candidate that officially tied or won by one vote.† Their study of 16,577 national elections from 1898 through 1992 found that only one had been decided by a single vote. It was the 1910 election in New York’s 36th Congressional District, won by a Democrat who claimed 20,685 votes to the Republican candidate’s 20,684. Of those elections, the median margin of victory was 22 percentage points and 18,021 actual votes. Mulligan and Hunter also analyzed 40,036 state legislative elections from 1968 through 1989 and found only seven that had been decided by a single vote. Of those elections, the median margin of victory was 25 percentage points and 3,257 actual votes. In other words, the chance that your vote will be the decisive or pivotal one in a national election is almost zilch. The same goes for state legislative elections. Chances That One Vote Can Make a Difference in a Presidential Race   Researchers Andrew Gelman, Gary King, and John Boscardin estimated the chances that a single vote would decide a U.S. presidential election to be 1 in 10 million at best and less than 1 in 100 million at worst. Their work, titled Estimating the Probability of Events That Have Never Occurred: When Is Your Vote Decisive? appeared in 1998 in the Journal of the American Statistical Association.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Given the size of the electorate, an election where one vote is decisive (equivalent to a tie in your state and in the electoral college) will almost certainly never occur,† Gelman, King and Boscardin wrote. Still, the odds of your one vote deciding a presidential election are still better than your odds of matching all six numbers of Powerball, which are smaller than 1 in 175 million. What Really Happens in Close Elections So what happens if an election really is decided by a single vote, or is at least pretty close? It’s taken out of the electorate’s hands. Stephen J. Dubner and Steven D. Levitt, who wrote Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything, pointed out in a 2005 column in The New York Times that extremely close elections are often settled not at the ballot box but in courtrooms. Consider President George W. Bush’s narrow victory in 2000 over Democrat Al Gore, which ended up being decided by the U.S. Supreme Court. â€Å"It is true that the outcome of that election came down to a handful of voters; but their names were Kennedy, OConnor, Rehnquist, Scalia, and Thomas. And it was only the votes they cast while wearing their robes that mattered, not the ones they may have cast in their home precincts,† Dubner and Levitt wrote. When One Vote Really Did Make a Difference The races won by a single vote, in addition to the new 1910 Congressional election in New York, according to Mulligan and Hunter, were: A 1978 race for Rhode Island state Senate was tied at 4,110 votes, and decided by a second runoff election. So was a 1980 race for New Mexico state House, at 2,327 votes for each candidate.A 1982 state House election in Maine in which the victor won 1,387 votes to the loser’s 1,386 votes.A 1982 state Senate race in Massachusetts in which the victor won 5,352 votes to the loser’s 5,351; a subsequent recount late found wider margin.A 1980 state House race in Utah in which the victor won 1,931 votes to the loser’s 1,930 votes.A 1978 state Senate race in North Dakota in which the victor won 2,459 votes to the loser’s 2,458 votes; a subsequent recount found the margin to be six votes.A 1970 state House race in Rhode Island in which the victor won 1,760 votes to the loser’s 1,759.A 1970 state House race in Missouri in which the victor won 4,819 votes to the loser’s 4,818 votes.And a 1968 state House race in Wisconsin in which the victor won 6,522 v otes to the loser’s 6,521 votes; a subsequent recount found the margin to be two votes, not one.

Globalization in Daily Life Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Globalization in Daily Life - Assignment Example Many scholars and economist have tried to explain the term globalization as per their own view and opinions. For example, Jos Berghman commented that â€Å"globalization refers to a growing global interconnectedness† (Berghman, 2005, p.6). The term, ‘interconnectedness’ itself explains the core essence of the globalization. The UK Department for International Development (DFID) has given a broad definition of globalization. DFID has identified that the â€Å"increased flows of goods, services, capital, people and information† are the major determinants of globalization which is â€Å"driven by technological advances and reductions in the cost of international transaction† (Zajda, 2005, p.294).  Therefore, primarily, international trade and technological advancements have facilitated the process of globalization and this has developed medium for exchanging ideas, views, tangible & intangible capital, factors of productions etc. This process has crea ted a better scope for the development of economic, social, cultural and international relation. In our every step of daily life, we can feel of the presence of this development encouraged by globalization.  For example, the product developed using Japanese technologies like Japanese cars is dominating in the global automobile sectors. On the other hand, Italian cuisine like ‘Pizza’ is one of the popular food items of the people living in American and Asian countries. Moreover, Chinese cost-effective production process has led to encouraging many manufacturers like Nike to expand their business in China, and many multinational corporations are trying to enter in emerging marketing like India, Taiwan, China etc. These examples are a proper reflection as an outcome of globalization. In order to facilitate the process of international trade, the trade agreement between and/or among different countries have played a very significant role as it helps to grow a country with significant amount of foreign direct investments (FDI) which creates industrialization causing growth in aggregate demand and supply, and an economy can achieve equilibrium growth. Recently, U.S. and Korea have entered into free trade agreement known as KORUS FTA, according to which the U.S. MNCs can have greater accesses in the Korean market, and Korean automobile manufacturer can enjoy a significantly reduced tariff in U.S. automobile market (U.S. International Trade Commission, 2011). The U.S. automobile sector is already crowded with a number of domestic and foreign automobile companies. However, as per this agreement, the Korean companies can have better access to the automobile market as they are able to offer cars at much-reduced cost increasing the competition. The competition is one of the healthy sign for economic development.

Stem Cell Research - Stem cell research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Stem Cell Research - Stem cell research - Essay Example There are a number of sources for obtaining human stem cells. The first is IVF (In Vitro Fertilization) treatment, where surplus embryos (and unfertilized eggs for creating embryos) are donated for research with the consent of the donor rather than being destroyed following treatment. The second source is aborted tissues, which are used as stem cells taken from the aborted foetus. Another is umbilical cord blood, rich in stem cells. These cells are harvested following the baby's birth. The most controversial is perhaps therapeutic cloning, where cells are created for research that is genetically identical to the donor (patient). This is done by removing the nucleus of an egg and fusing this egg with any enucleated cell from the donor. This will create an embryo genetically identical to the donor. Cells can then be harvested from this embryo for treatment. Being an exact replica, there is potentially less chance of rejection following transplantation. The US President's Council on Bioethics recently published a whole white paper on Alternate Sources of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells (www.bioethics.gov). Sometimes these cells could be taken from the recipient patients themselves, avoiding any immune-rejection difficulties. At other times they are taken from donors. There are even proposals to create new non-embryonic organisms which can produce human stem-cells. What all these 'adult' stem-cells have in common is that they are derived from people without harming anyone. Umbilical cord blood, the placenta and even the amniotic fluid have in fact been found to be rich in stem-cells (McGuckin et al 245-255). Stem-cells have also been found in all the tissues found in our bodies such as the brain, pancreas, liver, skin, fat, muscle, blood, bone marrow, lungs, nose and tooth pulp. There is substantial opposition from various religious groups on the ethical issues. One of the most important concerns is that embryonic stem-cells are taken from human embryos. It basically involves killing the embryos which is destined to become a complete human being if it is allowed to. These embryos are taken in the very early stages of their development and hence are very small, having only developed to the stage of 120 cells or so since their creation by IVF or, more recently, by cloning. They are still young-approximately 5 to 6 days old-and grown in a culture in some Petri dish; they might even be a few years old, having been stored in some freezer soon after their manufacture (Fisher 2005). The main area of controversy surrounding this research arises from the harvesting of cells for research. The most flexible stem cells are obtained from embryos owing to their ability to become any type of tissue cell in the body. In fact it is a proven fact that adult stem cells also have similar possibilities. An embryonic stem cell is derived as follows- A fertilized egg forms a blastocyst 4 days after conception. This blastocyst has two types of cells; an outer layer (which becomes the placenta and other supporting tissues needed for foetal development) and an inner cell mass (the stem cells). In order to harvest these cells, they are removed from the blastocyst, a

Stereotypes and Prejudice Essay Example for Free

Stereotypes and Prejudice Essay The authors examine overt and subtle forms of stereotyping and prejudice. Two theories that explain overt prejudice are reviewed: realistic conflict theory and social identity theory. Although overt prejudice seems to have declined, subtle stereotyping is still pervasive. The authors review one theory, aversive racism theory, that explains this phenomenon. They also discuss two perspectives, attributional ambiguity and stereotype threat, which provide accounts of the impact of subtle racism. Both overt and subtle prejudice present challenges for the classroom. The authors describe one intervention called the jigsaw classroom that encourages work toward common goals and helps reduce the expression and impact of overt discrimination. A second intervention program, wise schooling, is presented, which aims to reduce the impact of subtle stereotypes by reducing stereotype threat. Why do prejudice and discrimination exist? Has overt racism been replaced by more subtle forms of prejudice? How does stereotyping affect its targets? In this article we describe two theories, realistic conflict theory and social identity theory, which provide an answer to the first question. We address the second question by noting that although overt discrimination has decreased, subtle forms of prejudice are still quite common and we describe one theory, aversive racism, that provides a compelling account of this change in the expression of prejudice. Finally, we answer the third question by describing two phenomena, attributional ambiguity and stereotype threat, that result from the pervasive nature of subtle stereotyping. This article is a selective overview of what social psychology has to say about these crucial issues. In addition, we review two effective intervention programs that offer promise in ameliorating the effects of stereotyping and prejudice in the classroom. In its earliest conceptions, prejudice was treated as a manifestation of pathology (Ashmore Del B oca,1981 ). For example, the frustration-aggression hypothesis (Dollard, Doob, Miller, Mowrer, Sears, 1939, pp. 27-54) considered prejudice to be a result of scapegoating, and authoritarian personality theory (Brown, 1965, pp. 477-546) posited that a severe childhood upbringing could result in a rigid, authoritarian adult who is prejudiced against anyone who is different from the self. But more contemporary accounts of stereotyping and prejudice have emphasized that prejudice may be a more common and normal result of group interaction. In developing realistic group conflict theory Sherif and Sherif ( 1969, pp. 222-266) dismiss the notion that prejudice is pathological and suggest instead that it may frequently arise out of ordinary conflicts of interest between groups. In their studies of a boys’ summer camp, they discovered that ordinary group competition for valued resources led to highly negative and stereotypical views of opposing groups and their individual members. Perhaps the more interesting aspect of these studies, however, was the manner in which conflict and hostility were ameliorated. The Sherifs found that mere contact among opposing groups only intensified the hostility (cf. Stephan, 1987). Events that required cooperative action, however, did function to reduce intergroup conflict. After several such events, all involving superordinate goals (i.e., goals shared by members of all groups), cross-group friendships began to develop and intergroup hostility began to diminish. Working cooperatively toward shared goals transformed the skills of individual group members into valued resources. So, although conflicts of interest resulted in prejudice and intense disliking between groups, action toward superordinate goals helped foster positive opinions and mutual liking. According to another influential line of work, social identity theory (Brewer, 1979; Tajfel Turner, 1986), we categorize people into social groups and locate ourselves within a category. We then evaluate the value or worth of our social identities primarily by comparing our group with other groups. The basic premise of social identity theory is that we are motivated to maintain a positively valued social identity and we may do so by creating or taking advantage of favorable comparisons with other groups. The need to maintain a positive distinction between our own group and others can lead to behavior and attitudes that are biased in favor of our own group and against other groups. According to this perspective, prejudice, intergroup conflict, and stereotyping may arise simply from the struggle to attain or maintain a positive social identity (e.g., Crocker, Thompson, McGraw, Ingerman, 1987). DOES RACISM STILL EXIST? Many historical perspectives on stereotyping, including realistic group conflict theory and social identity theory, attempt to explain the prevalence of overt prejudice and discrimination. However, this kind of directly expressed racism, particularly prejudice directed toward African Americans, is becoming less common. For example, a variety of surveys that directly measure negative178 stereotypes about African Americans, attitudes toward school and residential integration, and general beliefs concerning equal opportunity all indicate that there has been a dramatic shift toward more egalitarian and less racist views over the last 50 years (see Dovidio Gaertner, 1991, for a review). Dovidio and Gaertner (1991) note, however, that across the variety of samples, there are still indications of overt racism in fully 20% of Whites. But what about the 80% who consistently report more positive attitudes toward African Americans? Despite the evidence that a majority of Whites now feel generally more supportive and accepting of African Americans, there is also considerable evidence that these positive feelings may be held with some ambivalence and may mask a more subtle form of racism. For example, survey research reported in Dovidio and Gaertner ( 1991 ) indicates that although Whites seem to endorse the general idea of egalitarianism, they are opposed to specific ways in which it might be implemented, including giving preference to qualified African American job applicants and government intervention to ensure school integration. Although Whites have positive attitudes toward the abstract ideas, they also remain less than enthusiastic about personally having African American neighbors and about interracial marriage. In addition to the survey research mentioned above, laboratory research also provides a great deal of compelling evidence demonstrating the subtle but continuing influence stereotypes have on information processing (Hamilton Sherman, 1994). Stereotypes make cognitive processing about our complex social worlds easier and more efficient. However, the negative consequences of this increased efficiency are reflected in the numerous studies indicating that stereotypes can significantly bias our judgments about other people (e.g., Rosenthal Jacobson, 1968; Sagar Schofield, 1980). For example, Rosenthal and Jacobson’s (1968) work on teacher expectancies suggests that a priori expectations about a student’s academic ability can easily lead a teacher to treat the student differentially and in accord with those expectancies (perhaps causing the student to conform to the expectancies, regardless of his or her natural ability).

How Flexible is the Brains Circuitry? :: Biology Essays Research Papers

How Flexible is the Brain's Circuitry? The brain is a complicated organ, containing an estimated 100 billion neurons and around 1,000 to 10,000 synapses for each of those neurons (1). This organ has the great responsibility of not only controlling and regulating the functions of the body but also sensing and perceiving the world around it. In humans, it is what we believe makes us the highly adaptive and intelligent organisms that we are, as well as give us our individuality. But with so many parts and connections to it, what happens when the brain's delicate circuitry is disrupted? We've all heard of brain damage, and its horrible results, whether is a news report on TV or science books. It seems that with trauma, disruption of blood supply, and disease; neurons and their connections could be destroyed and the organism's behavior exceedingly affected. Yet I've read about how people have overcome tremendous damage to their brains and gone on to function with very minimal handicaps. In elementary biology, we are all taught that cells in our body go through systems that replaces old, worn out cells with new cells. Most cell types go through programmed cell death, or PCD, but there was always an exception in the neuron; very early in mammalian development, neurons stop growing (4). PCD would be disastrous, as the depleted neurons would never be replaced. Since we need all our neurons and their connections to function, how do individuals with damage to both these neurons and connections survive, much less functioning within any definition of normality? After all, remove a few chips from a computer's motherboard and you won't have functioning computer. Yet there are children living their lives with only half their brains intact One of the most memorable case studies I read about in high school psychology was the procedure of removing large portions, sometime half the brain, to treat young children with epileptic seizures. This procedure, called hemi-spherectomy, was developed in the 1920's but rarely performed due to complications (8). With the advances in medicine today, it has become a more common practice in treatment severe epilepsy. At first, though the procedure was expected to stop the seizures, doctors did not expect these children to ever function normally. After all, with so much of the brain missing, it is hard to expect much of the mental functions of these children. Surprisingly, these children often retained much of their personality, memories and sense humor (8), awing their doctors with the flexibility of the brains to adjust after such invasive surgery.

Karachi Shares Innumerable Secrets English Literature Essay

Contrariwise to an foreigner of Karachi, the metropolis remains elusive, even if it welcomes them. But for those Karachiites who has moved someplace else, even many old ages after their visit, the lone thing I can state with certainty is that Karachi stays on you, the metropolis keeps oozing in from underneath tightly shut doors in memory. â€Å" It ‘s a dead metropolis † If Karachiites who go to other fellow metropoliss do n't express these cliched discourses about the topographic point, so they likely are non Karachiites to the bosom. The above is merely what I said when I had to see a adjacent metropolis with my household, though it was for merely a twosome of hebdomads. â€Å" It ‘s non deserving life in † would be the treatment my brother and I would hold clip and once more. The fact that the roads were about empty after 11pm, the stores would shut early and that people were a small excessively insouciant was intolerable for us. Even the most beautiful love narrative of my life began, many old ages ago in the early 70aˆ?s, here in this metropolis of visible radiations. It was a meeting of two disparate psyches, their waies everlastingly altered by a opportunity brush. My Ma and Dad met in Karachi a twenty-four hours before my male parent was to return to his household in other metropolis. Small did he cognize that a adult female, who introduced herself as proprietor of the biggest film in Karachi, would go forth such an impact. What happened in those minutes will everlastingly stay a romantic enigma, as it should. When I was still really small my parents used to take me to the sea shore of the metropolis ; I do n't retrieve much about it, I was likely excessively immature, but one thing I do retrieve is their love for the sea conveying into me. I remember how puzzling and absorbing each and every moving ridge seemed to me back so and how strongly it affected my sense of esthetics. And now, after rather many old ages, one twenty-four hours I stopped at a seaboard eating house with friends. Lights shone all across the H2O that seaports those eating houses. We spent rather some clip seeking to capture it in exposure, but there is something to such scenes that can non be caged inside pels. That portion of the Arabian Sea was so pass oning at that minute. All I could believe at that really minute was how anyone could bear populating right following to something so powerful, so beautiful. How were people non driven into craze by the sea as it crashed infinitely on the shore? Or possibly they were. It was so when I began to remember how my gramps used to state me about our favourite metropolis. He often used to advert that in the initial yearss after divider, Karachi was a beacon of hope and chance for migrators who came from far and broad. He frequently expressed that Karachi was one time a metropolis of dreams where everybody, irrespective of race, colour or credo had the chance of prosperity and success and an upward societal mobility through doggedness and difficult work. Whoever you were and wherever you came from in chase of your dreams, you were received thirstily by this magnificent and truly metropolitan metropolis. His earliest flashes of memory were of a beautiful metropolis by flaxen beaches, A a metropolis which ne'er went to kip and seemed to throb round the clock, unlike any other urban centre in the state. Its sea breeze-cooled-evenings, scented by raat qi ranee, were the material of poesy. Its famed dark life was non merely for the rich but was accessible to the in-between category excessively, my Grandfather articulated. Yes, any bustling city in the Third World wo n't be without its portion of the destitute. But Karachi someway managed to turn up the hapless in its embracing. Rarely did anyone slumber hungry. Karachi was the state ‘s amusement capital ; I could experience my gramps ‘s enriched tone while he revealed this. The metropolis had over five 100 film ; over three twelve dark nines, legion bars, a good maintained race class and what are still possibly some of the finest natural beaches in the part. Other favourite musca volitanss were the Kemari fishing seaport. It was in the seventiess that the metropolis ‘s celebrated crabbing scene was first urbanised in Kemari. By the late sixtiess touristry as an industry in Karachi was booming, so much so that in 1972 the authorities created the state ‘s first dedicated touristry ministry and section, with their chief offices situated in Karachi. He used to note those chai khanas and restaurants from good old yearss. Cafes appeared ordinary yet ask foring from outside but this was non the lone instance one time you enter. You could instantly connect with those topographic points. Tiny chairs, white topped tabular arraies, polite servers, little teapots and a nostalgic show of cutter. Particular reference among all those coffeehouse was the 1 at Lasbella. He specified that this peculiar cafe was the hub of all the authors and poets of that clip. Coffee house at M.A. Jinnah route and P.I.D.C ‘s paan was my gramps and his friend ‘s favourite and a must travel on every dark out. Social Life was reasonably fast, and I believe it still is. In Karachi there is a blend of civilization from all the states of PakistanA which makes it particular. Peoples in Karachi love to observe events, puting aside all the differences in dramatis personae and colour. Karachi was a great topographic point to convey up one ‘s kids, my Grandfather expounded. Peoples loved the old ropeway that trundled along from Empress Market to Kemari from where they would so skip into a sailing boat that took them to the attractive picnic musca volitanss of Sandspit and Hawksbay. There were n't many autos but one still caught an infrequent glance of them howling down Victoria Road. Chevrolet was the male monarch during the 1950ss and 1960ss, right up to the early 1970ss, the Chevy Belairs and so the Impalas were the most popular of all autos. Those were the yearss when no citizen of this province of all time thought of migrating to Britain or United States. Men, adult females and kids could walk the streets of the metropolis boulder clay tardily at dark and no 1 would trouble oneself them, my gramps told me. In fact, what he missed most about the Karachi of the late '50s and early '60s was the spirit of tolerance, secularism and open-mindedness that existed. There was besides decency and graciousness. I, myself have frequently felt that large metropoliss, with their tall edifices and short piques, are all likewise at some degree. However, this metropolis will retain one quality, a certain facet of character, that will be entirely its ain. I recognize this in the about hallucinating passion the people of Karachi seem to hold for their metropolis, in the manner their love seems to turn in times of bad luck. Karachi is known informally as the metropolis of visible radiations. But fast frontward to several decennaries subsequently, now Karachi has aged enormously. It is no longer considered a starry-eyed kid nurtured by finding. There are Sindhi, Balochi, Punjabi and Pakhtoon. All political parties own them all, talk about them and they are still on their docket. But whenever their militants are killed, they hijack their place metropolis, shuting all roads. They leave us Karachiites stranded by prehending the gasoline pumps, and shut down markets turning a deaf ear to our cries of wretchedness. And yet, Karachiites keep walking, with bruised articulatio genuss and scraped mortise joints, loving their metropolis more and more every twenty-four hours. I do cognize, nevertheless, the little enviousness of person ( read: me ) who has non owned a metropolis in such an unconditioned manner. It ‘s a common head set of people that we invariably think what ‘s incorrect with our country/city but we ne'er try and appreciate what we are blessed with. Why this metropolis is so unloved by some when it embraces wholly? If merely for a alteration we healed Karachi with the energy with which we plunder it. As Bertrand Russell says: ‘The route, I fear, is long. But that is no ground for losing sight of the ultimate hope. ‘ Karachi, as I see it, is the forefront metropolis, economic hub and the individuality of Pakistan. All good old movables of the metropolis, about which my gramps had told me, I believe their kernel is still the same. And I am certain that I have every bit much good memories of the Karachi metropolis, as my Grandfather had. Hopefully when I would convey the following coevals about my darling metropolis, with a small spot of finding they are traveling to be proud on being a Karachiitie, as much proud as I am.By: Dr. Sana Akhtar

Recurring Issues Of The Roman Catholic Church - 1228 Words

RECURRING ISSUE IN THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH, ORTHODOXY AND PROTESTANTISM The most important recurring issues in the study of the history of Christianity during our time period is sexual abuse amongst the Catholic Clergy and abortion, the killing of a living entity, as it is a sin against God according to biblical doctrine. Many believe that sexual abuse happening in the Catholic Church, is directly related to celibacy. The Churches restriction on priests that directs them to abstain from sexual relations. This issue has been debated since the reformation in which Martin Luther and other reformers opposed celibacy. They based their argument against celibacy on the bible scripture, namely Genesis 1:28, where God wanted people to â€Å"be fruitful and multiply†. There is nothing in the bible that directly mentions celibacy. There are many versions that mention fornication and uncleanliness and the interpretation of the Catholic Church seems to have made this deduction based on those scriptures. The other major issue that is common in most of the world’s religions is abortion; the Catholic Church, the Orthodox Church, and the Protestant Church still adopt the early church’s belief to oppose the practice of abortion. Abortion is considered murder and a mortal sin in accordance which many versus in the bible as it relates to each of these faiths. 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